Project Work of Computer

 Project Work

Of

Computer

1.                    Define Operator. List its types with examples.

Þ     Operators are symbols, which are used for mathematical calculations, logical and string operations.  Its   types with examples are as follow:

·         Arithmetic operators:

E.g.: +, -, *, /, \, ^ and MOD.

Use: PRINT 4+5

·         Relational operators:

E.g.: =, <>, <, >, <= and >=

Use: PRINT 6>=5

·         Logical operators:

E.g.: AND, OR and NOT

Use: PRINT 6>5 OR 5>6

·         String operators:

E.g.: +

Use: PRINT A$ + B$

2.            Define Operand. Explain with example.

Þ     Operands may be constant values or variables on which mathematical and logical operations take place.  For example: In the following expression,

S = 4 / 2

/ is operator, and

4 and 2 are operands.

3.         Define Expression. List its types with examples.

Þ     An expression can be a string or numeric constant, a variable or a combination of constants and variables with operators.  Its types with examples are as follows:

·         Arithmetic expression

E.g.:

PRINT 7 * 6 + 5

Z = (X^2) + (Y^3)

·         Logical expression

E.g.:

PRINT 5>6

PRINT 3<4

·         String expression

E.g.:

PRINT A$ + B$

PRINT Kathmandu $ + Nepal$ 

4.      What is Arithmetic Operator? Explain with examples.

Þ     Arithmetic or mathematical operators are symbols, which are used for mathematical operators which assign the result of an arithmetic expression to a variable or displays on the monitor. For example: +, -, *, /, \, ^ and MOD.

5.      Discuss about Operator Precedence.

Þ     In the presence of more than one operator in QBASIC, QBASIC follows a certain order for performing the operations. The order in which the QBASIC performs the operation is known as operator precedence or hierarchy of operations.

The operator precedence in QBASIC is:

·         ()

·         ^

·         - (negative)

·         * /

·         \

·         MOD

·         +,-

·         =

·         <> 

·         < 

·         <=

·         > 

·         >=

·         NOT

·         AND

·         OR

6.      What is Logical Operator? Explain with examples.

Þ      Logical operators are symbols, which are used to combine two or more logical or relational expressions and returns a single ‘true’ or ‘false’ value. For example: AND, OR and NOT.

7.      What is Relational Operator? Explain with examples.

Þ     Relational operators are symbols, which are used in relational or logical expressions. For example: =, <>, <, >, <= and >=.

8.      Show the truth table of AND, OR and NOT operator.

Þ     The truth table are as follows:

·         For AND operator:

Condition	Operator   (AND)	Condition	Result
True (-1)	AND	True (-1)	True (-1)
True (-1)	AND	False (0)	False (0)
False (0)	AND	True (-1)	False (0)
False (0)	AND	False (0)	False (0)

·         For Or operator:

Condition	Operator (OR)	Condition	Result
True (-1)	OR	True (-1)	True (-1)
True (-1)	OR	False (0)	True (-1)
False (0)	OR	True (-1)	True (-1)
False (0)	OR	False (0)	False (0)

·         For NOT operator:

Condition	Result
True (-1)	False (0)
False (0)	True (-1)

9.      What is String Operator? Explain with examples.

Þ     String operator is a symbol like + (plus), which is used to combine two or more strings. For example: +

10.  Write any ten possible conditions or Boolean expressions that exist between A and B, where A=12 and B=13.

Þ     Any ten possible conditions or Boolean expressions that exist between A and B, where A= 12 and B=13 are as follows:

·         A=B

·         A<>B

·         A<B

·         A>B

·         A<=B

·         A>=B

·         A>B OR B>A

·         A<B OR B<A

·         NOT A<B

·         NOT B<A

11.  Define numeric data and string data. Give examples also.

Þ     Definitions:

·         Numeric data:

 All the positive and negative numbers are known as numeric data. For example:  12, 28, 189, -45, -168, etc.

·         String data:

A text value that consists of alphabets, numbers and other special symbols are known as string data. For example:  “Kathmandu”, “Nepal”, etc.

12.  What is constant? List its type with examples.

Þ     Constants are values, which are remained fixed during the execution of a program.  Its types with examples are as follows:

·         Numeric constant

E.g.: 500, 1200, etc.

·         String constant

E.g.: “Kathmandu”, “My name is Sarika Shrestha”, etc.

  

13.  Define string and numeric constant with examples.

Þ     Definitions:

·         String constant:

A text value that consists of alphabets, digits, symbols and other special characters is known as string constant. For example: “PSY”, “CHABAHIL, 7”, etc.

·         Numeric constant:

All numeric values or data i.e. all the positive, negative and decimal numbers are known as numeric constant. For example: 500, 2.8, -92, etc.

14.  What is variable? List its type with examples.

Þ     An identifier or reference or name for the memory address that holds data and changes its value during the execution of a program which is written with the combination of letters, numbers and special characters with certain rules is known as variable. Its types with examples are as follows:

·         Numeric variable

E.g.: N, N&, N%, N#, etc.

·         String variable

E.g.: “Roll$”, “Kathmandu$”, etc.

15.  Define string and numeric variable with examples.

Þ     Definitions:

·         Numeric variable:

A name or reference, which stores a positive or negative number, is known as numeric variable. For example:  A1, N, B#, etc.

·         String variable: 

A name or reference or memory location, which stores alphanumeric characters, is known as string variable. For example: “Kathmandu”, “Saurav”, etc.

16.  Write the characteristics of variable.

Þ     The characteristics of variables are as follows:

·         Each variable has a name. 

·       Each variable has a type.

·        Each variable has a value that we specify. 

17.  List rules for naming variable.

Þ     The rules for naming a variables are as follows:

·         A variable name must start with an alphabet (A to Z or a to z).  “A10” is a valid variable name.

·         A variable name may have 1 to 40 characters in length.

·         A variable name should not contain a blank space or special characters other than letters, numbers, periods (.) and data type declaration symbols ( %, &, !, # and $).  “A 10” is an invalid variable name because of its space.

·         A variable name must not start with “FN”, because it is a reserved for the user-defined function.”FNnum” is an invalid variable name.

·         Other reserved words or keywords of QBASIC are not allowed to use as a variable name. For example, “LET” is an invalid variable name because “LET” is a reserved word of QBASIC.

18.  What are the types of numeric variable? Explain with example.

Þ     The types of numeric variable are as follows:

·         Integers-

Positive or negative whole numbers are known as integers. The legal range of integer data type is from -32,768 to 32,767. QBASIC stores each integer’s value with two bytes of memory. The “%” symbol is used to indicate integers. For example: NUM%, R1%, etc.

·         Long integers-

A long range of whole numbers is known as long integers. The legal range of long integer data type is from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. QBASIC needs four bytes memory to store each long integer number. The “&” symbol is used to indicate long integer. For example: NUM&, P&, etc.

·         Single precision-

Single precision stores the number with accuracy up to 7 digits. Single precision numbers can be written in different ways. The most common way to write the number is number with a decimal point. QBASIC needs four bytes memory to store each single precision data. The “!” symbol is used to indicate single precision data. For example: NUM! , P!, etc.

·         Double precision-

Double precision is a numeric data that supports a long range of values with rational parts. Qbasic needs 8 bytes memory to store each double precision. Double precision stores the number with accuracy up to 15 digits. The “#” symbol is used to indicate double precision data. For example: NUM#, P#, etc.

19.  Define implicit and explicit declaration of variable with example.

Þ     Definitions:

·         Implicit declaration:

Declaration of variable at the place of assigning a value to the variable is called implicit declaration. It can be done by using suffix symbols (%, &,!, #, $). For example: LET N$ =”Nepal”: where $is declares as string variable to store string Nepal.

·         Explicit declaration:

Declaration of variable before you use it or before assigning data to the variable in the program is known as explicit declaration. For example: DIM N%, P$: where N% is declared as an integer and P$ is declared as a string variable explicitly.

20.  Write short notes on Qbasic.

Þ     QBASIC stands for Quick Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is a high-level language which is simple to learn and use, developed by Microsoft Corporation. It was released with MS-DOS 5.0 operating system. It contains two files: QBASIC>EXE and QBASIC.HLP. Since then, nearly every PC user owns their own copy of QBASIC, making it a widely known language. QBASIC can be used for scientific as well as commercial applications.

Submitted to,

Deepak sir

Mother's day

Mother

"Mother", it's a small word with six letters but this word counts a lot in everyone's life. A mother is a women who give us birth and show this wonderful world. She is the one who helps us in every step of our life. She inspires us in every problem. She is the one who stands beside us in every difficulties and supports us. Though we don't know, mothers always stand by our side to catch us when we tend to fall down. She always shows us the right path in our life. Every mother takes good care of her child. She always fulfills every demands of her child and she loves them with all her heart. People are very much greedy today, even friends don't help each others but mother is someone who always is with her child. Mother is the one who teaches us great moral norms and values that we hold for the rest of our life. She is our first teacher.

Nobody can define mother and no one has right to define her too because she is perfect in everything. She is world for every child. She has taught us to be people's person. She has taught us to use our lips for kindness, our vision for passion, our ears for charity and our heart for love. She has made us strong, reliable, humble, helpful and independent person to fight against this cruel world. She has taught us the values of oneness, unity and support. She is our role model. She always works for the betterment of her child without caring about the society, culture and tradition.

Life would be dull without our dear one's, so to make our dull life happy, god created mother. So it is said that "Mothers are god gifted". They are very important in every child's life. She is the one who always takes care of her children. She is the one who always worries about her child when they don't arrive at home on time. She is the one who always look after us when we are sick. Mother does not scold her children as she thinks that if she scolds them they will be angry upon her and they will be hurt. She takes care about everything. In the age of childhood, she teach us to walk, talk and be happy; in the age of teenagers she will try to understand our feelings, emotions and try to solve them; in adult age she thinks that she could do more and more for her child. So, for a mother her child means a lot. But we should also try to respect her feelings. Mothers are very important and essential person in our life. She is the essence of our life.

Nobody is there to define how much a mother is important in everyone's life. She always does our every work i.e. cooking, washing dishes and clothes, etc. without feeling any difficulties. Whenever we lose hope or feel unconscious in our life she always gives us hope and confidence. She always worries and takes care of our little things. Mothers feel proud when they get to know the success of their child and she is the one because of whom their child has reached to the path of success. So, to get success mothers are important.

To honour the sacrifices of our mother, Mother's day is celebrated. Mother's day is very important for every child. Mother's day is celebrated all over the world.  In this day, mothers are worshipped and offered with varieties of sweets and delicious food. They are also given many gifts and many children promise to make their mother happy every day, every minute, and every second in his/her life. Children also promise to leave every bad habit for their mom and say that they will never let their mom cry. She is thanked for everything she did in their life. Every child wants to see their mother smiling. So, this day is especially celebrated to make mother happy.

The best way to make mother's day especial is to do everything that pleases mom. Every child wants to create their own ideas to make mother's day special so they work a lot in this day either by baking cakes by their own or by buying verities of things. Mother's day is equally important to both mother and children as it comes once a year. But it's not good to celebrate mother's day once a year because mothers are very soft-hearted and they should be respected and made happy every day. One day love is just waste because she has stayed with us from the birth to the death so why not loving her every day.

Poem dedicated to my dear mom

You're a source of dependable source of comfort

You're my cushion when i fall.

You help in times of trouble;

You support me when I call.

I love you more then you know;

You have my total respect.

If I had my choice of mothers,

You'd be the one I'd select!!

I love you my dear mom!!! <3 <3

To listen to a song about how mothers are especial on their own way click-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ne58KNWVbxU